Ti-Fe Intermetallics Analysis and Control in Joining Titanium Alloy and Stainless Steel by Laser Metal Deposition

Wei Li; Lei Yan; Sreekar Karnati; Frank W. Liou; Joseph William Newkirk; Karen M. Brown Taminger; William J. Seufzer

doi:10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2016.11.010

Ti-Fe Intermetallics Analysis and Control in Joining Titanium Alloy and Stainless Steel by Laser Metal Deposition

Wei Li
, Lei Yan
, Sreekar Karnati
, Frank W. Liou
, Joseph William Newkirk
, Karen M. Brown Taminger
, William J. Seufzer

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

Abstract

There are urgent needs to join titanium alloy and stainless steel so that their outstanding mechanical properties can be utilized integratedly in the aeronautics and astronautics industries. However, direct fusion joining two alloys can cause brittle Ti-Fe intermetallics which compromise the mechanical properties of diffusion bonds between titanium alloys and stainless steel. Therefore, filler metals are required as transition layers. In this research, stainless steel metallic powder was directly deposited on the titanium alloy substrate by laser beam, the Ti-Fe intermetallic phases formed in this process were investigated through analyzing fracture morphology, phase identification, and Vickers Hardness Number (VHN). After that, Laser Metal Deposition (LMD) was applied to explore a new fabricating process to join Ti6Al4V and SS316. A transition composition route was introduced (Ti6Al4V→V→Cr→Fe→SS316) to avoid the intermetallic phase between Ti6Al4V and SS316. A thin wall sample was fabricated via LMD following the transition composition route. X-ray Diffraction (XRD) tests were conducted. The results demonstrate that the generation of intermetallic phases is effectively avoided following the composition route. Microstructure characterization and composition distribution analysis were performed via Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and Energy Dispersive Spectrometry (EDS). The SEM results indicated that rapid solidification results in the elongated microstructure. The EDS result can reflect the transition composition route design. Besides, the diffusions of metals are detected in the EDS results. Vickers hardness test was executed to observe the VHN distribution from Ti6Al4V to SS316. Vickers hardness result showed that there was no significant formation of intermetallic phases. Comparing with directly depositing SS316 on Ti6Al4V, the usage of the new transition route can eliminate the Ti-Fe intermetallics effectively.

Original language	American English
Pages (from-to)	39-48
Number of pages	10
Journal	Journal of Materials Processing Technology
Volume	242
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2016.11.010
State	Published - Apr 1 2017

Keywords

Alloy Steel
Deposition
Filler Metals
Intermetallics
Joining
Laser Beams
Mechanical Properties
Metal Analysis
Metals
Microstructure
Rapid Solidification
Scanning Electron Microscopy
Stainless Steel
Titanium
Vickers Hardness
Vickers Hardness Testing
X ray Diffraction
Composition Distributions
Energy Dispersive Spectrometry
Fe Intermetallics
Laser Metal Deposition
Microstructure Characterization
SS316
Ti-6al-4v
Vickers Hardness Numbers
Titanium Alloys
Ti-Fe Intermetallic
Ti6Al4V

Disciplines

Materials Science and Engineering
Mechanical Engineering

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10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2016.11.010License: CC BY

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2016.11.010

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@article{2207f2b0b9ff4e9b8a64a388177181d8,

title = "Ti-Fe Intermetallics Analysis and Control in Joining Titanium Alloy and Stainless Steel by Laser Metal Deposition",

abstract = " There are urgent needs to join titanium alloy and stainless steel so that their outstanding mechanical properties can be utilized integratedly in the aeronautics and astronautics industries. However, direct fusion joining two alloys can cause brittle Ti-Fe intermetallics which compromise the mechanical properties of diffusion bonds between titanium alloys and stainless steel. Therefore, filler metals are required as transition layers. In this research, stainless steel metallic powder was directly deposited on the titanium alloy substrate by laser beam, the Ti-Fe intermetallic phases formed in this process were investigated through analyzing fracture morphology, phase identification, and Vickers Hardness Number (VHN). After that, Laser Metal Deposition (LMD) was applied to explore a new fabricating process to join Ti6Al4V and SS316. A transition composition route was introduced (Ti6Al4V→V→Cr→Fe→SS316) to avoid the intermetallic phase between Ti6Al4V and SS316. A thin wall sample was fabricated via LMD following the transition composition route. X-ray Diffraction (XRD) tests were conducted. The results demonstrate that the generation of intermetallic phases is effectively avoided following the composition route. Microstructure characterization and composition distribution analysis were performed via Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and Energy Dispersive Spectrometry (EDS). The SEM results indicated that rapid solidification results in the elongated microstructure. The EDS result can reflect the transition composition route design. Besides, the diffusions of metals are detected in the EDS results. Vickers hardness test was executed to observe the VHN distribution from Ti6Al4V to SS316. Vickers hardness result showed that there was no significant formation of intermetallic phases. Comparing with directly depositing SS316 on Ti6Al4V, the usage of the new transition route can eliminate the Ti-Fe intermetallics effectively.",

keywords = "Alloy Steel, Deposition, Filler Metals, Intermetallics, Joining, Laser Beams, Mechanical Properties, Metal Analysis, Metals, Microstructure, Rapid Solidification, Scanning Electron Microscopy, Stainless Steel, Titanium, Vickers Hardness, Vickers Hardness Testing, X ray Diffraction, Composition Distributions, Energy Dispersive Spectrometry, Fe Intermetallics, Laser Metal Deposition, Microstructure Characterization, SS316, Ti-6al-4v, Vickers Hardness Numbers, Titanium Alloys, Ti-Fe Intermetallic, Ti6Al4V",

author = "Wei Li and Lei Yan and Sreekar Karnati and Liou, \{Frank W.\} and Newkirk, \{Joseph William\} and \{Brown Taminger\}, \{Karen M.\} and Seufzer, \{William J.\}",

note = "Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2016 Elsevier B.V.",

year = "2017",

month = apr,

day = "1",

doi = "10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2016.11.010",

language = "American English",

volume = "242",

pages = "39--48",

journal = "Journal of Materials Processing Technology",

}

TY - JOUR

T1 - Ti-Fe Intermetallics Analysis and Control in Joining Titanium Alloy and Stainless Steel by Laser Metal Deposition

AU - Li, Wei

AU - Yan, Lei

AU - Karnati, Sreekar

AU - Liou, Frank W.

AU - Newkirk, Joseph William

AU - Brown Taminger, Karen M.

AU - Seufzer, William J.

PY - 2017/4/1

Y1 - 2017/4/1

N2 - There are urgent needs to join titanium alloy and stainless steel so that their outstanding mechanical properties can be utilized integratedly in the aeronautics and astronautics industries. However, direct fusion joining two alloys can cause brittle Ti-Fe intermetallics which compromise the mechanical properties of diffusion bonds between titanium alloys and stainless steel. Therefore, filler metals are required as transition layers. In this research, stainless steel metallic powder was directly deposited on the titanium alloy substrate by laser beam, the Ti-Fe intermetallic phases formed in this process were investigated through analyzing fracture morphology, phase identification, and Vickers Hardness Number (VHN). After that, Laser Metal Deposition (LMD) was applied to explore a new fabricating process to join Ti6Al4V and SS316. A transition composition route was introduced (Ti6Al4V→V→Cr→Fe→SS316) to avoid the intermetallic phase between Ti6Al4V and SS316. A thin wall sample was fabricated via LMD following the transition composition route. X-ray Diffraction (XRD) tests were conducted. The results demonstrate that the generation of intermetallic phases is effectively avoided following the composition route. Microstructure characterization and composition distribution analysis were performed via Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and Energy Dispersive Spectrometry (EDS). The SEM results indicated that rapid solidification results in the elongated microstructure. The EDS result can reflect the transition composition route design. Besides, the diffusions of metals are detected in the EDS results. Vickers hardness test was executed to observe the VHN distribution from Ti6Al4V to SS316. Vickers hardness result showed that there was no significant formation of intermetallic phases. Comparing with directly depositing SS316 on Ti6Al4V, the usage of the new transition route can eliminate the Ti-Fe intermetallics effectively.

AB - There are urgent needs to join titanium alloy and stainless steel so that their outstanding mechanical properties can be utilized integratedly in the aeronautics and astronautics industries. However, direct fusion joining two alloys can cause brittle Ti-Fe intermetallics which compromise the mechanical properties of diffusion bonds between titanium alloys and stainless steel. Therefore, filler metals are required as transition layers. In this research, stainless steel metallic powder was directly deposited on the titanium alloy substrate by laser beam, the Ti-Fe intermetallic phases formed in this process were investigated through analyzing fracture morphology, phase identification, and Vickers Hardness Number (VHN). After that, Laser Metal Deposition (LMD) was applied to explore a new fabricating process to join Ti6Al4V and SS316. A transition composition route was introduced (Ti6Al4V→V→Cr→Fe→SS316) to avoid the intermetallic phase between Ti6Al4V and SS316. A thin wall sample was fabricated via LMD following the transition composition route. X-ray Diffraction (XRD) tests were conducted. The results demonstrate that the generation of intermetallic phases is effectively avoided following the composition route. Microstructure characterization and composition distribution analysis were performed via Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and Energy Dispersive Spectrometry (EDS). The SEM results indicated that rapid solidification results in the elongated microstructure. The EDS result can reflect the transition composition route design. Besides, the diffusions of metals are detected in the EDS results. Vickers hardness test was executed to observe the VHN distribution from Ti6Al4V to SS316. Vickers hardness result showed that there was no significant formation of intermetallic phases. Comparing with directly depositing SS316 on Ti6Al4V, the usage of the new transition route can eliminate the Ti-Fe intermetallics effectively.

KW - Alloy Steel

KW - Deposition

KW - Filler Metals

KW - Intermetallics

KW - Joining

KW - Laser Beams

KW - Mechanical Properties

KW - Metal Analysis

KW - Metals

KW - Microstructure

KW - Rapid Solidification

KW - Scanning Electron Microscopy

KW - Stainless Steel

KW - Titanium

KW - Vickers Hardness

KW - Vickers Hardness Testing

KW - X ray Diffraction

KW - Composition Distributions

KW - Energy Dispersive Spectrometry

KW - Fe Intermetallics

KW - Laser Metal Deposition

KW - Microstructure Characterization

KW - SS316

KW - Ti-6al-4v

KW - Vickers Hardness Numbers

KW - Titanium Alloys

KW - Ti-Fe Intermetallic

KW - Ti6Al4V

UR - https://scholarsmine.mst.edu/mec_aereng_facwork/3682

UR - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2016.11.010

U2 - 10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2016.11.010

DO - 10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2016.11.010

M3 - Article

VL - 242

SP - 39

EP - 48

JO - Journal of Materials Processing Technology

JF - Journal of Materials Processing Technology

ER -

Ti-Fe Intermetallics Analysis and Control in Joining Titanium Alloy and Stainless Steel by Laser Metal Deposition

Abstract

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